Understanding contamination risk in feed and ingredients

There is growing awareness of the presence of trace heavy metals in the feed industry and their potential impacts on animal and human health.

Trace metals are naturally occurring elements, used in many industries and needed for regular body function in animals and humans. Zinc, iron and copper, for example, are essential in trace amounts. However, they can be toxic even at moderately elevated levels, and heavy metal poisoning occurs when too much of a particular metal is absorbed by the body. Mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic are the most common metals to cause exposure at toxic levels.

The general population can be exposed to heavy metal contaminants through drinking water, dust, and fumes and from a variety of food sources (Atafar et al., 2010). Toxic heavy metals can be transferred into edible animal products such as meat, milk and eggs, and thus be passed into the human food chain. High levels of exposure to these compounds in humans can be toxic, with many having carcinogenic properties.

The buildup of heavy metals within animal protein sources can be attributed to the contamination of certain feed ingredients (Vremane et al., 1986; Spragg, 2008), with the potential for contamination originating from:

• Exposure to groundwater and soil with high levels of heavy metals during crop production (transfer into plant material)
• Bioaccumulation higher along the food chain (e.g., mercury in carnivores)
• Raw material processing (e.g., for inorganic mineral extraction and recycling)
• Cross-contamination during processing or transport, or in the feed mill

Understanding the risks within the feed industry

The past decade has seen growing scrutiny regarding the potential for heavy metal contamination in animal feeds. This is due to a number of high-profile food safety alerts. For example, in both 2020 and 2021, batches of dog foods from Europe were found to contain excessive levels of cadmium, and inorganic mineral sources destined for the feed industry are often reported by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in the RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed) Portal.

Other parts of the world, however, do not have such advanced monitoring or alert systems, and much of the risk may be missed or underestimated.

The Alltech 2023 Asia-Pacific Toxic Heavy Metal Survey

An ongoing effort to quantify the risk of toxic heavy metals to the feed industry has been carried out by Alltech in the Asia-Pacific region. Alltech initiated the survey in 2010 and has issued nine comprehensive reports so far, which have become essential benchmarks for assessing contamination risks in animal feed and trace minerals.

The survey analyzed 735 samples collected from 12 countries across the Asia-Pacific region, bringing the total number of samples analyzed to over 7,000 since the survey was launched in 2010.

Consistent with previous years, the survey evaluated lead, arsenic and cadmium levels, applying the European Union’s maximum allowable thresholds to determine contamination risks. The analysis encompassed complete feed, premix, and inorganic and organic trace mineral samples, spanning various agricultural categories including pig, poultry, ruminant, aquaculture and pet.

When completed, the survey revealed a contamination level of 14% across all these Asia-Pacific samples, with analysis showing that significant contamination was found in both organic trace mineral and inorganic mineral sources.

The survey highlighted that poultry premix exhibited the highest contamination levels at 13%, followed by aquaculture (9%) and ruminant premix samples (8%). In complete feed, swine diets demonstrated the highest contamination at 14%, followed by ruminant (9%) and poultry (5%). Certain samples displayed heavy metal levels surpassing EU regulations.

The collective results of all Alltech Asia-Pacific Toxic Heavy Metal Surveys since 2010 have revealed a persistent risk of elevated contamination in Asia-Pacific samples, with an average rate of 19%. This indicates serious and ongoing risks to both animal health and the safety of the entire food chain.

Managing feed contamination risk with reputable suppliers

To reduce the risk, it is imperative that feed and animal companies source their trace minerals from reputable sources. This involves working with companies that have robust quality systems, such as the Alltech Q+™ program, that focus on product safety, consistency and traceability for high-risk materials such as mineral sources. If we can reduce the risk of heavy metal contaminants entering the food chain, that will have flow-on effects to the human food chain.

For more information about the survey, please contact your local Alltech representative or email knowyourminerals@alltech.com.

About the author: 

Tara Tiller is the global project manager of corporate accounts and companion animals for Alltech. In this role, she oversees the growth of Alltech's pet and equine business as a member of the company's larger companion animal team.

Tara first joined Alltech as its quality assurance manager for the Asia-Pacific region. In that role, which was based in Thailand, she led the establishment of production facilities in Thailand, China, India and Vietnam and traveled extensively across Asia. She subsequently joined Alltech’s Mineral Management division, where she provided technical support and offered consultations, both internally and externally, across Asia-Pacific on trace mineral nutrition, with a focus on Alltech’s organic trace mineral range.

In 2018, Tara was named Alltech's global project manager. That role, which was based in Bangkok, combined her previous technical support responsibilities with the management of Alltech’s mineral projects and programs globally. In her current position on the company's companion animal team, she continues to develop and promote solutions and services related to mineral management.

Tara received a degree in animal science and aquaculture from the University of Tasmania in Australia.

As winter winds down and soil temperatures start to rise, spring grass pops up all over. Our equine partners eagerly start seeking out this lush, soft, green grass. However, many owners worry about this sudden transition from a rather bland winter hay ration to green spring pasture. On the other hand, when hay resources are running low, it may be tempting to just let them be — especially given the scarcity of hay this year!

In this post, we’ll explore the challenges of managing grazing horses in this season and provide practical tips for a smooth and safe transition to spring grass.

Understanding the issue: Winter hay vs. spring grass

As grass matures throughout the growing season, the protein content decreases, while the fiber fraction and dry matter content increase, resulting in an overall decrease in digestibility and digestible energy.

It therefore makes sense for early spring grass to be higher in protein, and higher in easily fermentable carbohydrate content, than the grass used to make hay, which was allowed to grow later into the season before being cut. Of course, hay will be much lower in moisture compared to fresh grass as well.

The combination of these factors sets the stage for potential digestive upset when there is an abrupt switch from hay to spring pasture. That’s a big problem, given the overall importance of gut health for horses.

Why, you ask? Well, let’s do a quick calculation.

Depending on the variety of the grass, early spring grass can be as high as 20% or more in protein. That same grass, cut later for hay, may test around 10% to 14%. We know that the majority of the average horse’s nutrients will be supplied by their forage. So, as an example, let’s say there is a 6% protein difference between our hay and our spring grass. An increase in forage protein content of 6% equates to just over a pound of additional protein consumed by the horse each day. That seemingly small change in protein content alone can almost cover the protein requirements of the average horse. Consider that the horse is now consuming that in addition to what they were getting from the hay alone.

The same goes for other nutrients passing through the digestive tract. When combined with the higher digestibility of spring grass due to its rapidly fermentable fibers, it all represents a large and potentially abrupt change in the influx of nutrients into the hindgut. This change in nutrient influx can disrupt the delicate balance of gut microbial organisms. The highly specialized and sensitive hindgut microbial population requires time to adapt to feeding changes to avoid metabolic issues. And so, as with all nutritional changes in a horse’s diet, a gradual change is ideal when moving from hay to fresh grass.

Strategies for a successful transition

Spring grass often sprouts and grows rapidly, making it difficult to accurately determine how much horses are really consuming when they have full access to pasture — but with good management, you can help to keep the transition gradual. Here are some different approaches to gradual transitions that may suit your management situation and personal preferences:

1. Keep some hay in the pasture: Start by making hay available in the pasture for the first couple of weeks, regardless of access to fresh grass. The fresh grass is lower in fiber, so horses can manage their fiber needs by going back and forth between the two forage sources.
2. Manage turn-out time: If your horse is stalled, consider reducing the amount of time they are turned out on grass and then gradually increasing it as spring progresses. This is an easier option for those who have dry lots or other areas, to make sure horses spend enough time turned out while also restricting access to grass.
3. Consider a grazing muzzle: Horses that are exclusively kept out on pasture can also be managed with a grazing muzzle. Another option, for horses kept out on large pastures, is the use of temporary fencing to restrict access, but be aware that the fencing will need to be moved frequently.

Some horses require careful oversight

Horses diagnosed with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) conditions, a history of pasture-associated laminitis, foundering, and so forth, present a different set of challenges. They require particularly careful management during this time, should some access to a dry lot, or careful restriction practices such as muzzles or time-of-day turnout, not be possible. Depending on the individual horse’s condition, turnout on spring pasture may not be desirable regardless of the restrictions implemented.

Some horses may lose a little weight in the early days of spring, specifically the picky ones that prefer soft new grass over hay. That weight should be gained back rapidly as pasture growth rate accelerates and you can give them free access. Keep in mind, though, that mares in late pregnancy or lactation need to be monitored more closely. They have higher nutrient requirements and benefit from the more nutritious grass.

The magic number is two … or perhaps three?

For the best support of horse health throughout, the hay-to-grass transition is implemented over a two-week period. This allows those hindgut microbial communities to adjust without deleterious effects. If your horse has been fed only hay over the winter, with absolutely no access to pasture, start out more conservatively, extending the adaptation period to three weeks if needed.

Keep in mind that the area you live in will dictate when and how quickly your spring grass arrives, and this will influence your transition plans. Some areas have sparse pastures as compared to more lush areas such as Central Kentucky. Regular evaluation of your horse’s condition and your forage quality and quantity during this period are crucial to making informed adjustments to the transition plan.

Keeping these principles of equine nutrition in mind will empower you to plan for and oversee a healthy transition from winter hay to spring grass. By embracing a gradual approach and tailoring strategies to your horse’s needs, you can ensure a smooth and healthy transition, allowing them to fully enjoy spring pasture.

About the author: 

Originally from South Africa, Dr. Mieke Holder is a senior research scientist at Alltech. Her research focuses on equine nutrition and the use of Alltech technologies to improve feed and nutrient utilization, horse health and environmental sustainability. Prior to joining Alltech, Dr. Holder was a faculty member at the University of Kentucky, focusing on the environmental impact of grazing livestock. She earned her bachelor’s degree and master’s degree in animal sciences from the University of Pretoria, South Africa, followed by a Ph.D. in equine nutrition from the University of Kentucky.

I want to learn more about nutrition for my horses.

The following blog is a summary of the Ag Future podcast episode with Mark Hulsebus hosted by Tom Martin. Click below to hear the full audio or listen to the episode on Apple Podcasts, Spotify or Google Podcasts.

The US pork industry is undergoing dynamic shifts in response to various challenges and opportunities. In a recent podcast episode of Ag Future, Mark Hulsebus, sales and portfolio director of Alltech’s US Pork team, shared valuable insights into the current trends shaping the industry in 2024. Let's dive into the key takeaways from the discussion:

1. Production Outlook:

• Anticipated total commercial pork production in 2024 is approximately 28 billion pounds, reflecting a 2.4% increase from 2023.
• Despite challenges such as losses and economic instability, industry players are exploring opportunities for change and sustainable growth.

2. Domestic and Export Demand:

• Domestic consumption accounts for over 70% of pork production in the US, underscoring the importance of the domestic market.
• With inflationary pressures affecting consumers, there's potential for increased domestic demand, especially with high beef prices driving consumers towards alternative protein sources like pork.
• Additionally, declining pork production in Europe presents export opportunities for US producers to fill the gap in global demand.

3. Trade Dynamics and Policy Changes:

• Efforts to reduce trade barriers and tariffs remain crucial for expanding export markets and ensuring the competitiveness of US pork on the global stage.
• Continuous advocacy and collaboration among trade organizations, governments, and non-governmental entities are essential for navigating evolving trade dynamics.

4. Profitability and Efficiency:

• Prioritizing profitability over maximum production efficiency is key for sustainable success in the pork industry.
• Producers should focus on understanding their cost structures, locking in profits when opportunities arise, and embracing continuous improvement initiatives to drive long-term profitability.

5. Technological Innovations:

• Innovations such as Alltech's Triad™ technology offer promising solutions to enhance performance and productivity in the farrowing house.
• Feedback from users indicates positive outcomes in improving pigs weaned per sow, with careful planning and deployment.

6. Collaboration and Partnership Opportunities:

• Forging partnerships with industry players like Alltech can contribute to profitability through access to innovative technologies, expertise, and resources.
• Opportunities to connect with Alltech representatives are available through trade shows and industry events like World Pork Expo, and the Alltech website.

In conclusion, the US pork industry is navigating a complex landscape characterized by production challenges, shifting demand dynamics, and technological advancements. By embracing change, fostering collaboration, and prioritizing profitability, stakeholders can position themselves for success in 2024 and beyond.

I want to learn more about nutrition for my pig herd. 

Fish, just like terrestrial animals, have specific requirements for individual minerals that must be supplied through the diet. Minerals are essential nutrients that have a plethora of biological functions within different species of cultured fish, governing their development, growth, and physiological status. For example, certain minerals quite literally form the backbone of skeletal development as fish progress through their various life-stages during the farming cycle, and these minerals also exert a profound influence on the activity of endogenous enzymes, the maintenance of ionic balance and the regulation of the endocrine system. All of these functions are critical in supporting the growth of healthy, robust fish before they reach the retailer and final consumer.

Although large advancements have been made over the past decade regarding our understanding of individual mineral requirements in fish, significant gaps in this knowledge remain and must be addressed to bridge the knowledge gap between fish and their terrestrial animal counterparts. This is further complicated by the often-underestimated fact that the field of fish nutrition is vastly different from that of terrestrial animal nutrition, because the former is comprised of hundreds of species, each with distinct farming conditions, temperature optima and gastrointestinal morphologies, compared to single species within the latter. Moreover, marine fish species are also unique in that they can also absorb minerals from their environment, through drinking water to maintain osmotic balance.

Cross-species correlations: in vitro

Despite both the existence of the knowledge gap and the physiological differences between fish and terrestrial animals, startling similarities are beginning to emerge in terms of the benefit of chelated trace minerals (CTM) in vitro and the biological responses of both animal groups to this mineral source in vivo. Recent in vitro research conducted at the Alltech Coppens Aqua Centre in the Netherlands demonstrated a 20% increase in the survival of astaxanthin within high-energy trout feeds that contained chelated minerals, compared to the same diets containing inorganic trace minerals, over the entire shelf life of the feeds tested (Figure 1). Strikingly, on the terrestrial animal side, Concarr et al. (2021) demonstrated that feed premixes for poultry that contained chelated trace minerals exhibited increased retention rates of both vitamin A and vitamin D₃ (Figure 1). Such studies demonstrate the emergence of parallels in the in vitro stability of both antioxidants and vitamins in feeds for both trout and poultry, which may be directly attributed to the mineral source included in the diets of aquatic and terrestrial animals.

Figure 1. Left: Comparison of astaxanthin survival during shelf life of trout feed containing either an inorganic or chelated mineral premix. Right: Retinol acetate loss in poultry feed premix containing either chelated (CTM) or inorganic trace minerals (ITM) (adapted from Concarr et al., 2021).

Cross-species correlations: in vivo

Similar marked parallels have recently been noted both between different fish species and between fish and terrestrial animals in terms of their biological responses to different sources of the same mineral in vivo. Selenium, for example, is a pivotal mineral whose principal role is the protection of lipid membranes against auto-oxidation, as it is a key constituent of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

Nguyen et al. (2019) illustrated superior levels of selenium deposition in Nile tilapia fillets when fish were fed a diet containing Sel-Plex^®, a yeast-based selenium source, compared to those fed a diet containing an inorganic selenium source (sodium selenite). A more recent study, conducted with the same species by Furuya et al. (2023), demonstrated the same trend of higher selenium deposition in the whole body of tilapia fed Sel-Plex compared to sodium selenite. The study even showed that the same level of selenium deposition could be attained when Sel-Plex was supplemented in the diet at half of the supplementation level of sodium selenite.

The results of these two studies bear a marked resemblance to those of further recent research published in Atlantic salmon (Kokkali et al., 2023), a fish species with an entirely different physiology, where the pattern of selenium deposition in the whole body of salmon was significantly influenced by the source of dietary selenium. Such observations in fish become even more noteworthy when we consider historical research conducted in poultry and dairy cows (Paton et al., 2002; Pan et al., 2007; Petrera et al., 2008) which showed strikingly similar patterns of elevated selenium deposition in both poultry eggs and milk from dairy cows when Sel-Plex was included in the diet compared to sodium selenite. Such findings serve as a stark reminder of the knowledge gaps that exist in the mineral nutrition of fish and terrestrial animals, while illustrating that the effects of dietary mineral source may transcend the species barrier (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Relationship between dietary selenium level and source with selenium deposition in different fish and terrestrial animal species, showing marked similarities in the pattern of deposition.

Mineral retention and bone density

The parallels between different fish species become even more interesting when the differences in bone density between Nile tilapia and Atlantic salmon are accounted for, given the crucial role that minerals play in the skeletal development of fish. The skeleton of the Nile tilapia is comprised of acellular bones which are far more compact compared to the cellular bone structure of the Atlantic salmon skeleton (Cohen et al., 2012). Therefore, aside from their differences in gastrointestinal morphology, these two species also exhibit differences in their skeletal structure – yet the available evidence suggests that the effect of chelated minerals on mineral deposition remains the same.

The work of Kokkali et al. (2023) in Atlantic salmon further showed that the higher retention of total minerals in fish fed chelated trace minerals also coincided with a higher amount of available dietary phosphorus compared to fish fed diets containing inorganic trace minerals, with resulting numerical increases in overall bone strength. Such results mirror those of past research (Kousoulaki et al., 2016, Figure 3) in which a 33% reduction in fillet gaping of Atlantic salmon was observed when fish were fed low-fish-meal diets supplemented with chelated minerals.

Taken together, these findings represent clear trends and further examples for today’s fish nutritionist of the importance of choosing the correct mineral source.

Figure 3. Data from Kousoulaki et al. (2016) showing mean (± SD) fillet gaping occurrence in Atlantic salmon fed diets with medium (MFM) or low (LFM) levels of fish meal and microalgae alongside supplementation of either inorganic (ITM) or chelated (CTM) trace minerals. Note the 33% reduction in fillet gaping in fish fed LFM + CTM.

Back to basics: Retention and excretion

Going back to the basics of mineral nutrition of farmed fish, the most important elements for both the nutritionist and the farmer are that the requirements of the animal are met, and that the excretion rate of the minerals fed is minimized. There is a scarcity of data within the fish nutrition literature on mineral excretion rates of different fish species, and this will undoubtedly be an important research area in the future, particularly from the point of view of preserving the health of both the fish and the farming environment. The use of chelated minerals can aid in this area due to their higher bioavailability when compared to inorganic mineral sources.

The work of Furuya et al. (2023) and Kokkali et al. (2023) suggests that reduced levels of yeast-based selenium and chelated minerals can be supplemented in the diets of both Nile tilapia and Atlantic salmon when compared to inorganic mineral sources, owing to the higher bioavailability and enhanced retention rate of the former. Subsequently, the excretion rate of minerals to the environment may be vastly decreased when the dietary mineral source is altered.

For example, in the Furuya study, the excretion rate of dietary selenium was decreased by 40%, copper by 20% and total minerals by 20% through the inclusion of yeast-derived selenium and chelated minerals at the same level as inorganic minerals. When the dietary supplementation level of yeast-derived selenium and chelated minerals was reduced to half of the level of inorganic minerals, the excretion rate of the total dietary minerals to the environment was decreased by 31%, while the same amount of dietary minerals was retained in the whole body of the fish (Figure 4). This is a powerful demonstration of how the animal’s requirements of these essential nutrients can be met while simultaneously preserving water quality and safeguarding the farming environment.

Figure 4. Data from Furuya et al. (2023, in review) showing mean (± SD) dietary selenium, copper and total dietary minerals retained and excreted from Nile tilapia fed diets supplemented with either inorganic trace minerals (ITM) or chelated trace minerals (CTM). For Se, fish were fed either yeast-derived Se or sodium selenite.

Conclusion

The chelation of minerals may enhance their bioavailability within the diet of farmed fish species, with the results of in vitro experiments translating to tangible in vivo biological responses that traverse the species barrier between fish and terrestrial animal nutrition. The emergence of consistent, cross-species patterns of response underscores the importance of including the correct mineral form in the diets of farmed fish, in terms of protecting the health of the animal, the final consumer and the environment.

About the author: 

From a young age, Dr. Philip Lyons had a passion for all things aquatic. This led to him studying for his undergraduate degree in applied freshwater and marine biology at Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology in Ireland before obtaining master’s and doctoral degrees in fish nutrition from the University of Stirling Institute of Aquaculture in Scotland. His doctoral dissertation focused on the molecular profiling of the gut microbiome of farmed salmonids, and he has published widely on this topic in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

After completing his studies in 2016, Dr. Lyons immediately joined the Alltech Coppens R&D team as a research scientist. His principal responsibilities involved the organization and implementation of the company’s nutritional R&D programs, in which he focused on the advancement of innovative applied aquafeed solutions that improve fish health and performance. He is also passionate about education and supervises a number of undergraduate and postgraduate aquaculture students as part of industry-led academic research partnerships.

In his current position as global manager of aquaculture research, Dr. Lyons is now responsible for the aquaculture research efforts of Alltech worldwide.

I want to learn more about nutrition for aquaculture. 

It could be argued that few more iconic or beloved brands than Mrs. Pastures® Cookies for Horses exist in today’s horse industry. With their highly recognizable, red-lidded jars, they evoke a sense of nostalgia for many of us, leading to memories of days gone by, when we would cheerfully feed them to the horses that helped us learn and grow.

Devoted fans have included some of horse racing’s best-known champions, such as Hall of Famers California Chrome — who is still receiving regular Mrs. Pastures shipments at his home in Japan — and Old Friends Farm resident “Mr. Personality,” Lava Man. Mrs. Pastures cookie crumbs are even sent to 1997 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Silver Charm, who has trouble chewing the standard cookies.

In October 2023, Mrs. Pastures built on this success when it proudly launched its first-ever addition to the product line, the sweet potato-infused Super Cookie™. Several more exciting new recipes are in the works.

How it all began

Mrs. Pastures Cookies for Horses was the 1986 brainchild of 66-year-old California horsewoman Patricia Burge, who wanted to create a wholesome treat for her daughter Maggie’s exceedingly picky horse, Poncho.

People are often curious about how the name of the company came to be. As the story goes, Mrs. Burge’s husband tried one of the horse cookies and remarked, “Well, it ain’t Mrs. Fields,” to which she replied, “No, it’s Mrs. Pastures!” The name stuck.

The all-natural ingredients of Mrs. Burge’s original cookie recipe remain unchanged, including apples, oats, cane molasses, rolled barley, water, and wheat middlings (a beneficial byproduct of the wheat milling process).

A legacy of love

Patricia Burge officially started the Mrs. Pastures business in her home kitchen and, at that time, never dreamed of it becoming the success it has. Her daughter, Maggie Carroll, officially took over business operations when her mother passed away in 2016 at the age of 96.

Five years later, Alltech acquired the business. Mrs. Carroll served as a close advisor in the first year following acquisition, helping to ensure that customers could continue to count on the high quality and great taste for which the treats are known.

A recipe for success

The original wholesome, home-kitchen-developed recipe, paired with Alltech’s industry knowledge and global reach, has already proven to be a winning combination — positioning Mrs. Pastures to meet the equine industry’s ever-evolving needs. The original recipe is now available not only in those red-lidded jars but in everything from 8-ounce pouches to 50-pound tubs.

With the new Super Cookie, Mrs. Pastures is giving health-conscious horse owners a superfood-filled treat option. Made with the same time-tested process as the original cookie, the Super Cookie is primarily made up of sweet potatoes, turmeric and kelp, with no molasses or other added sugars.

Nourishing the bond

Mrs. Pastures has an enduring commitment to nourishing the bond between horses and their humans — a tradition Alltech is proud to help the business carry on. The treats often serve as a healthful, positive reinforcement-based horse training incentive, helping to develop better ground manners, improve trailer loading and reward good behavior under-saddle.

To learn more or to find a retailer near you, visit mrspastures.com.

Are eggs a superfood?

Eggs are one of the most nutritious foods readily available to humans. Layer producers perform an essential role in meeting the increasing global demand for animal protein by providing this nutrient-dense food source. Along with their high-quality protein, eggs are also high in minerals and vitamins including iodine, selenium, and vitamins D, B2 and B12 (www.egginfo.co.uk, n.d.).

However, the increased demand for protein comes with increased awareness of climate change and the impact of agriculture on greenhouse gas emissions.

Producing more protein from less

Global warming is proceeding at such a rate that it is undeniable that human activities have produced gases that are trapping the sun’s energy, leading to more intense weather events, reducing biodiversity and disrupting humans’ current way of life. Therefore, as the poultry industry works to meet the increasing global demand for animal protein, it needs to simultaneously reduce its impact on the environment.

65–75% of the carbon footprint of a hen layer production system comes from feed; therefore, effective poultry nutrition plays an essential part in decreasing carbon emissions. By using innovation and technology to improve feed utilization, we can enable laying hens to use less feed to achieve the same output, improving both environmental and economic sustainability. One of these solutions in laying hen diets is the use of Alltech’s organic trace minerals (Bioplex^®​ Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), which have been developed to improve the productivity, profitability and sustainability of egg production.

For optimal poultry nutrition, not all mineral forms are the same

Historically, inorganic sources of trace minerals have been used in poultry diets to meet the hen’s requirements for minerals to maintain normal bodily functions and egg production. However, inorganic trace minerals are frequently over-formulated to compensate for their low bioavailability, uptake and utilization. This over-supplementation of inorganic trace minerals can have several negative effects, as they are reactive in the premix and gastrointestinal tract, resulting in low bioavailability. Furthermore, inorganic minerals can interfere with enzymes and other minerals, reduce the efficacy of vitamins and act as pro-oxidants. 

The high bioavailability of Bioplex

Alltech’s Bioplex minerals are bound organically to amino acids and a range of peptides, creating a proteinate structure in which the trace element is protected. This helps the mineral reach the site of absorption without reacting with dietary components. Therefore, Bioplex minerals are more stable and bioavailable than inorganic trace minerals and can be fed at lower levels of inclusion with less mineral excreted. As Bioplex minerals are less reactive, the negative interactions that would be present when using inorganic minerals are avoided, allowing for better performance and eggshell strength.

This has recently been documented in a meta-analysis (Byrne et al. 2023) that used data from 32 studies performed using more than 30,000 hens.​ The paper’s objective was to examine the impact of Bioplex Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn on the production performance and egg quality attributes of laying hens when compared to inorganic minerals.

Performance

Meta-analysis results showed that laying hen performance was significantly improved by Bioplex.

Environmental

Meta-analysis results showed that improving layer production and egg quality can be translated to lower environmental impacts from with Bioplex mineral supplementation.

Total emission intensity per kg of eggs was lowered by 2.5% in both high- and low-global-warming-potential (GWP) diets.

Feeding of Bioplex minerals translated to a reduction of 1,040 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2​e) for every 1,000,000 hens placed. This is a savings equivalent to:

• 680 fewer cars on the road, or
• electricity used by 700 houses, or
• 1,210 intercontinental return flights

Conclusion

In layer production, economic and environmental sustainability are closely linked, meaning that feeding technologies that improve performance can deliver sustainability benefits that can be aligned with several of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

With minerals being crucial for the growth and development of chickens due to their involvement in numerous physiological processes, choosing the most bioavailable forms is vital to optimizing health and performance. The results from the above-mentioned meta-analysis demonstrate improved performance parameters when using organic trace minerals, at a lower inclusion rate, in the form of Bioplex.

The life-cycle assessment (LCA) then showed that the correct form and inclusion level of mineral supplementation can enhance layer productivity, improve profitability, reduce carbon footprint and meet sustainability goals. With correct formulation, more cost-effective, environmentally sustainable feeds for poultry can be produced, resulting in a greater return on investment and a lower carbon footprint.

References​

​Byrne, L., S. Ross, J. Taylor-Pickard, et al. (2023). The Effect of Organic Trace Mineral Supplementation in the Form of Proteinates on Performance and Sustainability Parameters in Laying Hens: A Meta-Analysis. ​Animals: an open access journal from MDPI, 13(19), 3132.

www.egginfo.co.uk. (n.d.). Egg nutrition and health | Egg Recipes – British Lion Eggs. [online] Available at: https://www.egginfo.co.uk/egg-nutrition-and-health.

About the author:

Dr. Harriet Walker is the poultry specialist for the Alltech^® Technology Group. Within this role she provides technical support to the sales force and supports and interprets poultry research activities, focusing on providing solutions to optimize animal performance and efficiency.

Before taking this role, Harriet worked in the industry as a poultry nutritionist, developing a solid nutritional and technical knowledge base. She has extensive experience in bird nutrition and management over various farm sizes and poultry types.

Harriet completed her Ph.D. at Nottingham Trent University in 2013, evaluating the gut health and performance of broilers when feeding supplements to reduce antibiotic use, elucidating their mode of action. She also studied animal science at the University of Nottingham, where she completed her third-year dissertation in poultry nutrition in 2009.

I want to learn more about nutrition for poultry.

In the intricate world of dairy farming, ensuring the health and well-being of your herd is paramount for sustainable milk production. One crucial phase in a cow’s life cycle that demands meticulous attention is the transition period, particularly the three weeks leading up to calving. Managing this window effectively can significantly reduce the risk of metabolic diseases, enhancing the cow’s health and overall productivity.

This blog delves into the critical aspects of transition cow management, with a special focus on the use of DCAD (dietary cation-anion difference) mineral products to mitigate metabolic diseases.

Understanding the transition period

The transition period, especially three weeks before calving, is a pivotal phase in a cow’s life. During this time, the cow undergoes substantial physiological changes, including changes in dry matter intake (DMI), to prepare her body for the upcoming lactation. Proper management during this period is crucial to prevent common metabolic problems such as milk fever and retained placenta.

Dry matter intake

DMI refers to the amount of feed, excluding water, consumed by a cow. It plays a key role in a cow’s overall health and productivity. During the dry period, ensuring adequate DMI is crucial for both the cow and the developing calf. Adequate DMI ensures fetal growth and colostrum production, and it prepares the cow for the metabolic demands of lactation by providing sufficient energy, protein and minerals.

However, due to physical and hormonal changes, DMI often dips in the weeks leading up to calving. This “negative energy balance” can lead to a cascade of metabolic problems, including ketosis and milk fever.

Body condition score management

Maintaining optimal body condition score throughout the transition period is key. Over-conditioned cows (body condition score >4) are at higher risk of calving difficulties, retained placenta and metabolic diseases. Conversely, under-conditioned cows (body condition score <3) struggle to meet lactation demands, which compromises milk production and calf health.

Finding the sweet spot is essential. Aim for a body condition score of 3.5 at calving, allowing cows to mobilize some body fat during early lactation while maintaining adequate energy reserves.

The role of DCAD mineral products

One effective strategy to support transition cows and reduce the incidence of metabolic diseases is the use of DCAD mineral products, such as Alltech’s Calving Care. These products are designed to adjust the dietary cation-anion balance, creating an environment that supports the cow’s health during this critical time.

DCAD is calculated by subtracting the dietary anion content (chloride and sulfur) from the dietary cation content (sodium, potassium and calcium). A negative DCAD is recommended for close-up dry cows to create an acidic environment, which aids in calcium mobilization and absorption, reducing the risk of milk fever.

Reducing milk fever and related metabolic diseases

Milk fever, scientifically known as hypocalcemia, is a common metabolic disease affecting lactating cows. It occurs when there is a sudden drop in blood calcium levels during the onset of lactation, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness, difficulty standing, and in severe cases, paralysis.

By strategically incorporating DCAD mineral products into the diets of transition cows, dairy farmers can help prevent milk fever. Maintaining an appropriate dietary balance supports the cow’s ability to mobilize calcium reserves, reducing the likelihood of hypocalcemia during the critical periparturient period.

Additional benefits of proper transition cow management

Beyond mitigating milk fever, effective transition cow management supports other aspects of the calving process. It reduces the risk of retained placenta, metritis, ketosis and other metabolic problems. Cows or heifers with well-managed transition periods are more likely to have a smooth calving process, leading to healthier calves and improved milk production post-calving.

Studies indicate a strong correlation between proper transition cow management, including DCAD supplementation, and reduced instances of metabolic disease, highlighting the importance of these practices in modern dairy farming.

Conclusion

In the world of dairy farming, the three weeks leading up to calving are a critical period that demands attention and strategic management. Proper transition cow management, including monitoring DMI, managing body condition, addressing nutritional needs, and incorporating DCAD mineral products, can significantly reduce the risk of metabolic diseases such as milk fever.

By embracing these practices, dairy farmers can enhance the overall health of their herds, improve calving outcomes, and set the stage for robust milk production. In a world where the health of the herd directly correlates with the success of the farm, transitioning cows with care and precision becomes not just a practice but a necessity for sustainable and prosperous dairy operations.

About the author:

Dr. Ghazanfar Naseer is the regional ruminant and mycotoxin technical manager for Asia Pacific at Alltech. He is currently based in Australia.

Dr. Naseer was one of three people selected to participate in the Alltech Dairy Career Development Program in 2015. His current role in the company has taken him to countries around the world. Dr. Naseer has vast international experience and expertise in ruminant nutrition and management. He has worked with various dairy and beef producers across the globe, from small farms to large operations.

Born in Pakistan, Dr. Naseer earned his doctoral degree in veterinary medicine from PMAS-Arid Agriculture University in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, with a gold medal distinction. He is also certified as a CowSignals® Master Trainer in Thailand.

I want to learn more about nutrition for dairy.

Gut health and its management is an intricate and complex area governed by numerous factors, including nutrition, microbiology, immunology and physiology. When gastrointestinal health is compromised, nutrient digestion and absorption are affected, feed conversion becomes reduced, and susceptibility to disease is heightened, ultimately resulting in a negative economic impact.

Understanding the animal’s microbiome

The community of microorganisms in the gut is referred to as the “microbiome” and is recognised as a very diverse community of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. Its diversity varies along the different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with some regions having less tolerable conditions and containing reduced microbial diversity in comparison to regions more favorable to microbial growth.

The gastrointestinal microbiome plays a vital role in nutritional, physiological and immune functions. Poor intestinal health is associated with increased pathogen colonization and susceptibility to infectious disease, and it leads ultimately to poor weight gain and increased mortalities. 

Within the GI tract, there are multiple interactions between the host, intestinal environment and microbial cells, in addition to feed components. These interactions underline the critical role of the microbiota in the health and well-being of the host, although the exact manner in which this is achieved is not yet fully understood.

The role of microfloral diversity in reducing pathogens in chicken

The diversity of the microbiome plays a critical role in gut health, with beneficial microbes forming a protective barrier lining the gut. This barrier prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridia and Escherichia, among others.

There are numerous theories on how the beneficial microbes prevent pathogen colonization. Some suggest that potential attachment sites on the gut cells become occupied, thereby reducing the opportunity for attachment and colonization by pathogens. Another proposed mechanism is that the intestinal microbiota secrete compounds such as volatile fatty acids, organic acids and natural antimicrobials that either inhibit the growth of, or make the environment unsuitable for, less favorable bacteria.

Recent research has demonstrated that increased intestinal microfloral diversity correlates with increased resistance to pathogen colonization. In essence, the greater the diversity of microbes within the GI tract, the lower the risk of pathogen colonization.

By enhancing overall microfloral diversity, it is possible to reduce the abundance of pathogens, including those that impact host health as well as those associated with food safety.

Dietary supplements, which focus on enhancing and optimizing gut microfloral diversity to aid intestinal health and decrease the animal’s susceptibility to disease, can be broadly classed as either prebiotics or probiotics. Over the past number of years, a focus has been placed on identifying how nutrition can benefit the gastrointestinal microflora. In particular, there has been an emphasis on understanding how enhancing microbial diversity influences health and performance.

Ultimately, the goal with nutritional intervention is not only to control pathogens detrimental to host health, but also to reduce the transmission of pathogens through the food chain.

Utilizing prebiotic mannan-rich fraction to enhance microfloral diversity

From a nutritional standpoint, many feed supplements are focused on stabilizing the gut microflora to aid intestinal health and decrease the animal’s susceptibility to disease.

Of the functional ingredients currently in use for microbial control, mannan-rich fractions (MRFs) isolated from the yeast cell wall are widely used in animal nutrition and have been shown to improve animal performance in a manner that suggests they are a viable non-antibiotic alternative.

MRF products, most of which are derived from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been commercially available since the early 1990s. Since 1999, their use in animal feed has become more prominent, mainly due to the European ban on prophylactic antibiotic growth promoters in animal feed. Given their ability to bind to and limit GI tract colonization by gut pathogens, MRFs have proven to be an effective solution for antibiotic-free diets as well as providing support for immunity and digestion.

The effects of MRF supplementation on health and performance have been studied comprehensively, and they show that MRFs have proven effective at improving weight gain and feed conversion efficiencies as well.

Newer studies have focused on the effects of MRFs on the overall bacterial community of the gut — not just on specific bacteria — and such work has shown that supplementation with MRF can significantly enhance the diversity of the intestinal microflora. These studies have also demonstrated that such changes in diversity are associated with decreased abundance of food safety pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli.

Conclusions

The challenges of modern production practices can restrict the diversity of the gastrointestinal microflora, in some instances resulting in an unhealthy imbalance that can lead to the development of a vicious cycle of pathogen colonization and recolonization. By improving the overall microbial diversity within the gut, we can aim to optimise gut microflora, thereby enhancing resistance to pathogen colonization and reducing the abundance of microbes detrimental to food safety.

Improving our understanding of how changes in the composition of the bacterial community in the GI tract might contribute to host health and performance is critical. However, it is only through looking at this composition of the bacterial community as a whole, rather than looking at specific beneficial or detrimental bacterial species, that we can begin to understand the specific and reproducible effects of nutrition on the microbiome.

About the author:

Dr. Richard Murphy is the research director at the Alltech European Bioscience Centre in Dunboyne, Ireland. He earned a bachelor’s degree in biochemistry in 1994 from the National University of Ireland, Galway. Subsequently, he earned a research scholarship from Alltech and his doctorate in the Department of Biochemistry at the National University of Ireland, Galway in 1999.

Dr. Murphy maintains strong links with numerous universities and research institutions and has been appointed as an adjunct professor on the faculty of science and health studies at Dublin City University. He has also served as an external examiner for undergraduate degree programs and sits on the board of management of the National Institute for Cellular Biology at Dublin City University.

His current research activities are diverse and include peptide biomarker detection, molecular fingerprinting of microbial populations, antimicrobial resistance, biogas production and transcriptional control, and regulation of protein production.

I want to learn more about nutrition for poultry. 

Alltech Norway recently held its sixth annual Lunch and Learn event, a feed seminar for fish farmers, to address the specific issues affecting the Norwegian salmon industry.

Lunch and Learn 2024 brought together industry experts to discuss crucial aspects of aquaculture production, with a focus on sustainability, market trends, feed optimization and health considerations for key species, such as shrimp and salmon. The insightful presentations delivered during the event shed light on various challenges and opportunities for aqua farmers, providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future prospects of the aquafeed industry.

Here are some key takeaways from the presentations shared at the event.

Novel Sharma's aquaculture outlook: A shifting tide

Novel Sharma, a seafood analyst with Rabobank, kicked off the event by highlighting the significant impact of aquaculture production on key species like shrimp and salmon. The industry is expected to experience growth in 2024, with the forecast predicting that salmon will surpass pork and poultry in trade volume. Challenges do still loom, however — especially in the shrimp market, with an imbalance in Ecuador’s demand and supply leading to a slowdown in pricing. The emphasis on sustainability metrics — particularly on reducing emissions — has emerged as a collaborative opportunity for companies to enhance their environmental consciousness.

Guido Crolla's deep dive into sustainability: Balancing costs and conservation

Guido Crolla, manager of procurement at Alltech Coppens, spoke about the evolving landscape of aquafeed and stressed the need to redefine sustainability in ways that consider factors like digestibility, net energy, the gut microbiome and local sourcing of feed materials. Crolla went on to identify circular practices, marine independency and lifecycle assessments (LCA) as key components of sustainable fish feed. He also highlighted the potential for achieving cost savings through sustainable practices, making a compelling case for businesses to prioritize sustainability.

Dr. Vivi Koletsi's mycotoxin warning: Safeguarding salmon growth

Dr. Vivi Koletsi, global aqua technical sales support at Alltech Coppens, explored the risks posed by emerging mycotoxins — specifically enniatin B and beauvericin — in Norway’s salmon feeds. Salmon farmers are being urged to pay attention to these mycotoxins, which have been found in feeds at levels as high as 250 parts per billion (ppb), even though the generally recommended safe limits are between 20 to 50 ppb. Dr. Koletsi stressed the importance of producers making informed management decisions to protect both their salmon growth and their operational profits from the detrimental effects of mycotoxins.

Elin Kvamme's mineral nutrition insights: Embracing insects and their environmental impact

Elin Kvamme, aqua director at Innovafeed, shared details about insects as a promising alternative for mineral nutrition in aqua production. The low CO₂ footprint of insects, coupled with their ability to convert low-value agricultural waste into raw materials, makes them an environmentally friendly choice. The production of black soldier flies, whose short lifecycle lasts only 45 days, was highlighted as an efficient and suitable option for vertical farming. Kvamme added that the nutritional profiles of insect-based feeds are comparable to fishmeal, leading to improvements in feed conversion ratios (FCR) in freshwater operations.

Alltech’s and Nofima’s mineral research collaboration: A four-year journey

Maren Skare Rullestad, project coordinator at Alltech, and Marialena Kokkali, researcher at Nofima, discussed the two institutes’ four-year strategic research alliance, with a focus on their mineral projects. This collaborative effort included studies of supplementation with micro-ingredients, with a particular emphasis on how zinc levels can impact salmon health. The research has shown that organic selenium could potentially help improve salmon health and reduce emissions.

Mona Gjessing’s overview of gill challenges in farmed salmon and trout

Mona Gjessing, researcher at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute, discussed some of the health challenges that are most commonly seen in farmed salmon and trout. In order to find a widespread solution that will help resolve these challenges, the whole aquaculture community — including specialists in the fields of genetics, water quality, clinical signs and pathology — must work together more closely. Looking at these problems from as many different angles as possible will allow us to solve unanswered questions about gill diseases and other challenges in aquaculture production.

Henrik Hareide’s overview of R&D licenses in Norway

Henrik Hareide, consultant and partner at BøeHareide, has many years of experience in the aquaculture industry, including nine years with the Directorate of Fisheries. This wealth of knowledge has given him insights into R&D licenses — a topic that interests many in the aquaculture industry. Licenses must be relevant to the industry, Henrik explained, and must have a targeted purpose while remaining transparent and being undertaken at the right scale. Henrik then discussed some of the factors that should be considered when applying for an R&D license in Norway, including the length of the license period, the goals of the license, and a clear plan for publishing the results in order to remain transparent.

Conclusion

The 2024 Lunch and Learn event offered attendees a comprehensive look into the challenges and opportunities facing the aquaculture industry. The day’s focus on sustainability, feed optimization and health considerations illustrated a collective commitment to navigating the future of aquaculture in ways that are both practical and environmentally responsible. Altogether, the presentations delivered by the expert speakers highlighted the need for collaboration, innovation and taking a holistic approach to ensure a thriving and sustainable aquafeed industry in the years to come.

About the author:

Niamh McNally is the partnership manager for Alltech. In her work, Niamh plays a pivotal role in uniting internal and external teams and fostering impactful communications and collaborations around cattle and the climate.

Niamh has a varied background in marketing, with notable experience in both the genealogy and construction industries. Since joining Alltech in 2018, she has also been involved in driving the company’s aquaculture marketing and communication initiatives.

I want to learn more about nutrition for aquaculture. 

The health and performance of the intestinal tracts of dairy cows is critical for the success of every dairy. As the primary site of microbial fermentation and digestion in dairy cattle, the rumen plays a pivotal role in both the well-being and production of individual cows and in the overall profitability of the entire dairy operation. Optimal nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tracts of dairy cattle is especially imperative for achieving optimal herd health and performance.

With so much at stake, nutritional solutions like yeast and Bacillus are two tools we cannot ignore. 

Enhancing rumen function with yeast

The research on yeast is clear: When formulated properly into dairy rations, yeast can help deliver more milk and establish a more stable rumen pH, leading to more consistently high-quality milk production and elevated rumen efficiency overall. But which yeast is the best choice for your cows?

Not all strains of yeast preparations are equal in terms of their benefits for ruminal fermentation. The process used to produce Yea-Sacc®, Alltech’s leading yeast feed additive, makes it unique — and helps preserve the benefits of yeast and metabolites, thereby elevating animal performance. Introducing Yea-Sacc 1026 into the diet enhances the diversity of the animal’s microbial population through rumen conditioning. This process of changing and enhancing the rumen microbial population can take up to two weeks to fully go into effect.  

Benefits of Yea-Sacc supplementation for dairy cattle:

1. A more stable rumen pH: By stimulating lactate-utilizing bacteria, the cow is able to maintain a more stable rumen pH — which, in turn, decreases its risk of rumen acidosis.
2. Improved feed efficiency: Yea-Sacc encourages nutrient digestion by stimulating cellulolytic bacteria, allowing for greater feed intake.
3. Increased microbial protein synthesis: Increased amounts of anaerobic bacteria trigger increased protein synthesis, allowing for an increase in protein flow in the duodenum.

The inclusion of yeast products, such as Yea-Sacc 1026, in the diets of dairy cows has been shown to increase milk production by an average of 2.2 lbs. per day.

Protecting the lower GI tract with Bacillus

While the rumen performs the vital task of initial digestion and fermentation, it's the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract that takes on the responsibility of nutrient absorption. However, this phase is not without its challenges. The complex interplay of enzymes, nutrients and the gut environment can sometimes hinder efficient nutrient uptake. The lower GI tract also gives negative bacteria an opportunity to establish a foothold, potentially leading to digestive disorders, reduced nutrient absorption and compromised cow health.

Bacillus species, including Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, are known for their ability to form spores that survive harsh conditions, including pelleting and processing. That allows them to colonize the gut and create an environment that is more conducive to improved nutrient absorption, thereby effecting the overall well-being of the cow.

Bacillus can also combat undesirable organisms linked to potentially deadly issues, such as hemorrhagic bowl syndrome and abdominal distension. More specifically, Bacillus has been proven to target Clostridium perfringens by producing organic acids that inhibit the growth of this bacteria, making it an ideal dietary component supporting the GI tract.

Benefits of Bacillus supplementation in dairy cattle:

1. Improved nutrient absorption: Nutrients are often present in complex forms in the cows’ diet. For instance, carbohydrates can be present in the form of starches and cellulose, proteins can be offered as complex polypeptides, and fats can be included as triglycerides. These complex molecules need to be broken down into simpler forms (e.g., glucose from carbohydrates, amino acids from proteins and fatty acids from fats) for absorption into the bloodstream. Bacillus species have the capability to produce various digestive enzymes, which assist in breaking down these complex nutrients into simpler, more bioavailable forms. This makes it easier for the cow's digestive system to absorb these nutrients through the walls of their digestive tracts and into the bloodstream.
2. The inhibition of undesirable bacteria: Bacillus bacteria's unique ability to produce antimicrobial compounds, including bacteriocins and enzymes, helps suppress the growth of harmful pathogens within the gut. These compounds can disrupt the cell membranes or metabolic processes of harmful microorganisms, which prevents them from thriving.
3. Elevated milk production: The improved digestion and nutrient absorption facilitated by Bacillus probiotics can contribute to increased milk production in dairy cows. Milk production requires a significant amount of energy and nutrients — and when these are readily available, cows can produce more milk.

Synergistic benefits of combining yeast and Bacillus

When dairy cattle can efficiently convert the nutrients from their diets into milk, the result is often higher milk yields. This is a significant benefit for dairy farmers, as it means they can produce more milk with the same amount of feed, effectively lowering their feed costs per unit of milk produced.

Yea-Sacc 1026 BAC provides continual support to the entire GI tract, which helps condition the rumen for optimal efficiency and offers support against undesirable organisms. Yea-Sacc 1026 BAC combines the proven rumen modifier Yea-Sacc 1026 with the combined powers of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, making it a cost-effective solution for optimizing the overall health and efficiency of the rumen and the gut.

I want to learn more about nutrition for dairy.