Winter cattle management: Tips for dairy farmers

As winter temperatures set in, dairy producers face unique challenges to maintain herd health and productivity. Cold weather increases energy demands for calves and cows alike, making dairy herd management and preparation critical.

Below are six key strategies to help your dairy operation thrive through the colder months.

1. Bedding: Insulate and protect

When the temperature drops, proper bedding is essential to insulate calves and minimize heat loss. For dairy calves under 21 days of age, whose energy needs increase significantly below 60°F/16°C, keeping them dry and well-bedded is a top priority. Dry straw bedding up to their knees provides excellent natural insulation and reduces their risk of respiratory disease.

Pair bedding with clean and dry calf jackets to further conserve body heat. Calf jackets can raise a calf’s internal body temperature by as much as 25°F (14°C), providing an added layer of protection during severe cold spells.

2. Feeding: Increase energy intake

To support calves’ energy requirements in the winter weather, consider feeding them three times a day. Frequent feedings help stabilize rumen pH and provide additional energy needed to combat cold stress. Offer warm water free choice immediately after feeding to encourage hydration before calves lie down. Keep in mind that warm water can freeze faster than cold water, so monitor water sources regularly to ensure they remain unfrozen.

3. Water: Maintain access and ideal temperatures

Water is critical for dairy cows, as it directly affects feed intake and milk production. Ensure waterers are clean, free from ice, and functioning properly. Regularly check water temperatures with a thermometer to confirm that heaters are operational. The ideal water temperature for dairy cows ranges between 40–65°F (4–18°C). Cows tend to prefer plate cooler water because it is warmer than well water, so consider this when planning your water supply.

4. Ventilation: Prevent drafts and ensure fresh air

Dairy cows can tolerate extreme cold, withstanding temperatures as low as -20°F (-29°C), provided they are dry and shielded from drafts. However, high winds combined with moderate temperatures can cause significant stress. Prevent drafts by patching holes in curtains, sealing door gaps, and minimizing open spaces where wind can enter.

Proper ventilation is equally important. Maintain barn wall fans by cleaning, lubricating, and replacing belts as needed. Ensure fresh air inlets are functioning to replace stale air in the barn. Ample dry bedding and a clean, groomed resting area will also help keep cows comfortable and healthy.

5. Frostbite prevention: Protect teats in cold weather

Frostbite and frozen teats are a serious concern for dairy cows exposed to wind chills after leaving the parlor. To mitigate this risk, ensure teats are completely dry before cows exit. In severely cold conditions, even residual milk film should be removed. Apply a germicidal post-dip containing 5–12% multi-skin conditioners to prevent chapping and cracking. Allow the dip to sit for 30 seconds before wiping teats dry. Avoid using water to wash teats during freezing temperatures.

6. Mastitis prevention: Dry teats and singe udders

Managing somatic cell counts and mastitis requires reducing the accumulation of organic matter on cows. In winter, singeing udders is an effective way to prevent organic debris from sticking to the hair. Perform this procedure at critical times, such as prior to calving, during dry-off, or whenever hair is visibly long. Singeing udders also reduces sediment in milk filters and simplifies cow preparation. Conduct this procedure in head locks or close-up areas, but avoid doing so in the parlor whenever possible.

Understanding how cows stay warm in the winter, and caring for a cow properly, are essential aspects of winter cattle management. By implementing these strategies, you can support the health and productivity of your cows in winter. A proactive approach to bedding, feeding, water management, ventilation, frostbite prevention, and mastitis control will ensure your dairy operation continues to thrive despite the challenges of cold weather.

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