Gut health tips to support calves through weaning

Weaning can be stressful for both calves and producers. A good diet can help, supporting the calves’ growth and productivity throughout the feeding period. Importantly, such a diet can also guard against illness and bacterial infection, both of which can gain a toehold at this transitional time.

Respiratory disease is the most common ailment during the weaning period. For example, a calf is most susceptible to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) during its first four weeks post-weaning. BRD costs the beef industry over $1 billion annually, and prevention is key in reducing treatment costs and preventing performance losses.

Gut health is crucial

Since an animal’s digestive tract contains approximately 70% of its entire immune system, rumen development and gut health should be at the top of the list when weaning and receiving calves and getting them started on feed.

Gut health refers to an animal’s ability to efficiently absorb and utilize nutrients and to keep harmful microbes and pathogens contained. If the lining, or barrier, of the digestive tract is weak, these microbes and pathogens can escape into the rest of the body, causing numerous diseases, including BRD.

Because cattle stressors — not only weaning itself, but transportation, commingling, changes in diet, and diet restriction — can harm the gut lining, continuous support for gut health is essential. Feeding strategies that focus on this are vital to increasing performance and reducing treatment costs, leading to more profitable production.

Vitamins and minerals

Many good articles and blogs are available to provide tips for successfully weaning calves and adapting them to feed. A good rule of thumb is that calves should be consuming 2.5% to 3% (on a 100% dry matter basis) of their body weight within the first 30 days post weaning. Gradual increases in feed quantity, along with gradual diet or ingredient changes, will aid in the proper adaptation of rumen microflora, improving gut health.

However, feed quantity is only part of the puzzle. Microbes within the digestive tract have vitamin and mineral requirements for proper function and nutrient digestion. Supplementing these in the weaning ration is crucial to gut health, not only supporting nutrient uptake overall but enhancing immunity and improving response to vaccines and treatments.

Vitamin and mineral supplements vary widely and should be chosen carefully for maximum benefit. For example, organic trace minerals are considerably more bioavailable to calves during weaning, which aids in nutrient absorption, bolsters gut health, and reduces harmful excretions of excess minerals into the environment.

Beneficial bacteria

Prebiotics and probiotics are also gaining ground in today’s feeding and supplementation programs. Both are excellent options to improve gut health at weaning.

Prebiotics are non-digestible feed ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of bacteria within the digestive tract, providing “food” for the beneficial microbes already existing there. Research shows that prebiotics enhance rumen fermentation, improve digestion, aid in nutrient absorption, and contribute to immune system development.

Probiotics are specific types of live microorganisms, including bacteria from the Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus groups as well as mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) derived from yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They help shift the gut microbiome in favor of helpful microbes that are known to improve health and performance. Probiotics also naturally produce metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vitamins, enzymes and antimicrobial compounds, which play important roles in building gut health and integrity and reducing harmful inflammation.

Weaning is an especially tricky time, but a smart diet strategy can turn it into an opportunity. By providing good nutrition to your calves, you can promote growth and productivity, prevent illness and infection, and maximize profitability.

About the author: 

Bryan Sanderson grew up in Lake Preston, South Dakota, and spent most of his childhood working on pig, crop and cattle farms. After receiving a degree in animal science from South Dakota State University, with minors in ag marketing and ag business, Bryan began his impressive career in animal agriculture. With experience in livestock production, feedlot supervision, sales and finance, Bryan is currently the U.S. beef business manager for Alltech.

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